A Concise Ontological Model of Properties in the Quantum Cascade Laser Domain

Tracking #: 3588-4802

Authors: 
Deperias Kerre
Anne Laurent
Kenneth Maussang
Dickson Owuor

Responsible editor: 
Guest Editors KG Gen from Text 2023

Submission type: 
Ontology Description
Abstract: 
Terahertz quantum cascade lasers are semiconductor laser devices that operate in the the far infrared (in the frequency range from about 100GHz to 10THz). Information regarding the quantum cascade laser (QCL) design is quite crucial in understanding the various laser designs and their implication on the laser performance. Maintaining knowledge bases or ontologies with this information is therefore useful in supporting data mining activities that seek to retrieve useful information on the various quantum cascade laser designs and their respective performance. The ontologies and knowledge bases can also be used to generate Knowledge Graphs (KGs) that can support queries on QCL designs and performance. Most of the existing ontologies and knowledge bases in the material design domain do not capture this crucial information. In this paper, we present a semantically enriched ontological model of properties in the quantum cascade laser domain. The properties of interest include the design of the laser (Heterostructure), working mode of the laser and the corresponding opto-electronic characteristics. We evaluate the ability of ontological representation to model the quantum cascade laser properties using properties from sample scientific articles documenting the various QCL designs and their properties.
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Reviewed

Decision/Status: 
Major Revision

Solicited Reviews:
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Review #1
Anonymous submitted on 04/Feb/2024
Suggestion:
Major Revision
Review Comment:

General Feedback: seems to be tackling a problem faced by material scientists. Even when the paper is informative, it could be better written with more clarity and less brackets to allow the flow of information. Sometimes the authors contradict themselves throughout the paper. A lot of information is randomly added and skipped making it difficult for the readers to stay connected. Some terminologies are not defined and left for the readers to assume. The evaluation seems to be on the completeness and correctness based on its success but none of these are defined nor measured properly. Seems like the competency questions were derived from the available data and used as a factor to state the completeness of the ontology. The authors seem to be confused as they keep using ontology, knowledge base and knowledge graph interchangeably for the same thing while in the beginning stating them as three different components of the work. I propose the authors run Pellet too for making sure the logical consistency of the knowledge graph. Seems a waste of the page when the same competency question is provided explicitly in the text and as a table. It is also important for the authors to state some of limitations of the work that provides a much concrete understanding of the work for the readers.
Some of the major and minor points are stated below:
Abstract:
The title suggests properties of the laser whereas the abstract discusses design, workmode and corresponding characteristics.
The ontology is created to help retrieve data from various lasers to but what exactly would it be used?
Used ontologies, knowledge base to generate knowledge graph….what is the diff between these terms and how are they being used for the particular study?
Major: rewrite the abstract to capture the essence of the work.
Introduction:
The abstract suggests material science but it seems more of a health domain or multi domain work
The abstract states what QCL is but it is always a good idea to restate the full form and the abbreviation in the introduction.
FAIR principals are very abruptly added in the middle. It is unclear how the work can address the issue of FAIR.
States that the current ontology and knowledge bases cant address this with no examples (if the examples are discussed in the overview section then that should be mentioned.) of what they capture and why it is difficult. Again, is the knowledge base diff from knowledge graph?
Last para last line double “the” – minor
Motivation Scenario:
Nicely written. Need to clarify last sentence…what do you mean by data models of the knowledge graph? Is this the same as the knowledge base? How are you defining it?
Related Work:
3.2: Talks about various available ontologies. It is understandable why domain specific ontologies cant be reused, but it is unclear why parts of general use ontologies can’t be either directly reused or extended for their domain?
Assuming the user is a layman, it would be good idea to share some related work in the materials science domain for the laser that demonstrates the need for this work and allows the users to get some background too.
Ontological Modelling of the quantum Cascade Laser Properties:
4.1: Focuses on some scenarios which go from scenario I, and then moves directly to scenario iii by skipping scenario ii. Similar with other scenarios. This is the first and the only time the scenarios are divided into such groups, so it is difficult for the readers to understand what they mean and what they are. Knowing these would allow the users to understand why only a few were focused.
4.1.1: Are you trying to redefine a universally accepted definition as hetero in general means different?
4.2: A minor suggestion, the first paragraph seems to state the same thing in two sentences. This could indeed be made more concise to keep the reader connected.
Ontology Evaluation:
5: Completeness and Correctness- how is it defined and how are you evaluating the success?

Even when some good work is done, the main scientific issue and how it has been resolved never shines. Some work into this paper by making things more clear and helpful for the community could be very beneficial.

Review #2
Anonymous submitted on 23/Mar/2024
Suggestion:
Major Revision
Review Comment:

The paper addresses the challenges in the Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) through the formalization of the knowledge spread across different sources such that it can be both machine processable and also human-comprehensible.

The paper is timely and I enjoyed reading. There are certain aspects that needs further improvement.

Overall, the paper needs significantly reorganization and the consistency in writing has to be improved.

Please find my comments below.

1. In the abstract instead of just saying we evaluated…, it is suggested that authors include the metrics from their evaluation/some evaluation results.
2. Writing needs to be improved, for example, authors have introduced the acronyms (e.g., QCL in introduction) without introducing it and sometimes the even after introducing the acronyms, they’ve not been used.
3. In the introduction (p2, line 10-14), why it can’t be readily instantiated, is it because of knowledge about QCL has not been formalized or it is because of the complex relationships? If it is because of the complex relationships, then author should justify how is their work different, i.e., their representation should also capture all the complex relation making it complex?
4. Overall, the introduction needs to be improved significantly as now the story is not consistent and is not conveying the important message. For example, why this work, is it just because of the complex relationships (see bullet point 3), are there no other works done in QCL and what’s missing in existing work? Additionally, the motivating scenario section can already be part of the introduction and this should also help to improve the introduction section.
5. The related work needs to be improved significantly as it currently does not include the works in the domain of QCL lasers. The authors are suggested to include the related works on QCL domain, the focus of the paper. Some of the relevant works are:

Kerre, D., Laurent, A., Maussang, K. and Owuor, D., 2023, August. A text mining pipeline for mining the quantum cascade laser properties. In European Conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems (pp. 393-406). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Roh, B.M., Kumara, S.R., Simpson, T.W., Michaleris, P., Witherell, P. and Assouroko, I., 2016, August. Ontology-based laser and thermal metamodels for metal-based additive manufacturing. In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (Vol. 50077, p. V01AT02A043). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

6. Section 3.1 is irrelevant and can be removed. The description can be provided without having subsection Introduction as in the case of section 4. It is also important that authors maintain the consistency across the paper, which seem to be missing currently.

7. What is Scenario ii in Section 4.1?
8. Section 4.1.1, the descriptions of use cases (UC1,..UC3) are more of the requirements so authors should update the descriptions accordingly.
9. The information provided in Section 4.1.2 should already part of the methodology section. Section 4.1.2 can therefore be removed.
10. Section 4.1.3 content can already be part of the ontology description and can be removed as there’s no need to have separate section for describing re-used ontology. Having a different prefix in the ontology should already demonstrate it.
11. The evaluation section needs improvement, both in terms of organization and presentation. For example, in section 5.2.2, author mentions “…he CQs are represented in SPARQL, the formal RDF query language and …we run several possibilities of queries capturing the various combination..”, which queries? Moreover, for the evaluation it’s suggested that authors highlight the list of properties and classes that answers particular CQs.
12. The conclusion needs to be updated accordingly to align with the introductions (i.e., contribution claims).

Review #3
Anonymous submitted on 29/Apr/2024
Suggestion:
Minor Revision
Review Comment:

This paper describes the process of constructing an ontology of properties in the Quantum Cascade Laser domain. The paper is generally well written (with some exception, see below) and organized and it is easy to follow.

The choice of domain is peculiar but as far as I know a novel one. The motivation in choosing this specific domain is detailed in section 2.
It is a bit difficult on my side to evaluate the quality of the ontology for the suggested tasks as I don't have any formation regarding Quantum Cascade Lasers. However, the methodology regarding the construction, from requirement analysis to reuse and evaluation follow what is considered as standard in ontology building.

Please pay attention to some spelling errors:
In Fig.7 ContinousWaveOperation -> ContinuousWaveOperation
In Fig.8 QuantumCasaceLaser -> QuantumCascadeLaser
Section 4.2.4 ArcademicArtle and ArcademicArticle (both should be AcademicARticle)

Why don't you use a prefix for your own ontology in figures? (also prefixes should be used in examples eg BIBO:AcademicArticle)

The Data file contains a ReadMe and a license (CC-BY 4.0); it is findable via GitHub. Therefore the requirements for ontology description are matched.

I think that the paper just needs some fixes regarding typos and writing, for this reason I suggest minor.